A Primer on Congressional Staff Clearances
Introduction
Security clearances govern access to classified information. While members of Congress are entitled to access classified information by virtue of the constitutional offices they hold and do not need security clearances, they must rely on their staff to sift through reams of information and brief them on issues. Those staff often do not hold sufficient clearances to access the requisite information, thereby undermining the support they can provide to their superiors and weakening Congress’s ability to legislate or conduct effective oversight.
This primer is a review, to the extent possible with the available information, of how the processes for staff clearance operate in the House of Representatives and Senate (though not in congressional support offices and agencies), who is able to obtain a clearance, and at what level a clearance can be obtained.
This primer specifically focuses on “SCI,” or Sensitive Compartmented Information, which is information concerning or derived from sensitive intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes.1 Access to classified information is controlled by several parallel systems, two of which are relevant here.2 The first is the division of clearances into confidential, secret, and top secret. The second imposes additional controls on eligibility and access to information, such as by requiring additional background checks and approval. Access to SCI information requires completion of a Single Scope Background Investigation and eligibility adjudication by the Department of Defense Consolidated Adjudications Facility or by the Intelligence Community. Classified information that requires both a top-secret clearance and SCI eligibility is often abbreviated as “TS/SCI” to denote the clearance level and additional access requirements.
A TS/SCI clearance does not give an individual access to all SCI information—that individual still must demonstrate a need to know a particular item or category of information. There is a tension between Congress and the executive branch on the question of who determines need-to-know. Congressional rules say that the relevant congressional office makes this determination, but according to the executive branch, the determination of need-to-know is made by the agency where the information originated.3
“Access to TS/SCI information is important not just to aid Congress in addressing traditional national security concerns, such as military and intelligence matters, but also for election security and cyber threats.”
Access to TS/SCI information is important not just to aid Congress in addressing traditional national security concerns, such as military and intelligence matters, but also for election security and cyber threats. Heightened clearance requirements become a significant hurdle for Congress, however, because a majority of members of Congress do not have a single staff member with a TS/SCI clearance. There is no publicly available data that shows which congressional offices have staff with clearances or the timeline to process a clearance,4 although top-line numbers on personnel with access to classified information are known for the Senate and comparable information is publicly available concerning executive branch agencies.
The current congressional clearance system evolved over the last few decades. As the legislative branch’s trust in the executive branch declined in the 1960s and 1970s amid revelations of widespread abuses by members of the intelligence community, Congress began playing a more active role in oversight of the intelligence community in the mid-1970s.5 Over the ensuing decades, the government has increasingly classified information at more restrictive levels. This is the result of overclassification6 and the changing manner in which the government generates and obtains classified information. Overclassification occurs because executive branch personnel are incentivized to classify information unnecessarily or at a higher level than is required.7 Moreover, the predominant sources and methods through which the government obtains classified information have changed through its reliance on advanced technology. The security clearance levels generally available to congressional staff, however, have not kept up with these changes.
This primer includes recent proposals in both chambers to improve those processes and the Senate resolution creating staff designees in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
The primer does not address the public release of classified information held by Congress—public release by either chamber of Congress does not result in the declassification of that information. Declassification of congressional records is addressed in Section 5 of a report prepared by the Information Security Oversight Office in 2007.8 Nor does it address the process by which Congress releases classified records that have not been declassified, which is summarized in a 2016 report issued by four civil society organizations.9 Nor does it discuss how Congress uses intelligence and the rules governing intelligence sharing.10
The House of Representatives
Authority for and oversight of staff clearances
The House of Representatives has a central office responsible for clearances and classified materials in the House, the Office of House Security/House Security Division (OHS), which is a component of the Sergeant at Arms (SAA). It was established in 2003 via two letters—one dated February 25, 2003, from the Sergeant at Arms to the Chairman of the Committee on House Administration, and a response dated March 28, 2003—granting approval to establish the office.11 Those letters do not appear to be publicly available. The office’s director is William McFarland and its assistant director is Richard Wilson.12
Resources for House staff include two web pages, available for House staff only, that contain significant information about the Office of House Security. For people on the House intranet, the OHS website is available at http://saa.house.gov/ohs, and its explainer on security clearances is available at http://saa.house.gov/ohs/security-clearances. There is also a staff “Security Policy Manual” that contains a compilation of security practices and standards, written as guidance for members and staff.13 The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) and the Appropriations Committee have additional rules and regulations governing the handling of classified material.14
The SAA House Security Division maintains a list of House staff whose level of clearance has been properly established, broken out by their identity, level of clearance, and need-to-know.15
Who can receive a clearance?16
- Each member of the House is afforded no more than two personal office cleared staff.
- Members determine which staff positions in their personal offices require clearances; committee chairs determine which staff positions in their committees require clearances.
- To receive a clearance, staff must be on the payroll of the member or committee requesting the clearance. Shared staff are considered to be on the personal staff.
- No personal office staff of a retiring member can be processed for a clearance during the final year of the member’s term.
- Interim clearances are not granted for House staff.
- The SAA can help with the appeal of a denial of clearance but cannot appeal on the applicant’s behalf.
Who has received a clearance?
As of February 2020, there is no public accounting for the number of clearances held in the House of Representatives. An amendment to the House Appropriations Committee’s Legislative Branch report for fiscal year 2020 includes language17 requesting an unclassified report from the SAA, due on March 1 for the next two years, on the length of time to obtain a clearance (for more detail on this, see the Appendix).
The Office of House Security maintains a current list of all staff who are cleared.
Historically, clearances for House staff were not structured as described in this primer, although it is not clear to us what formal processes were in place. In the late 1970s, the CIA director reached an agreement with the Speaker of the House to alter the number of personal office staff who have clearances as part of a government-wide effort to reduce the total number of people with clearances.18 Subsequently, however, the number of executive branch staff with clearances has increased, not decreased.
According to the correspondence, in 1978 a total of 431 congressional staff (including staff at support agencies such as the Congressional Research Service and Government Accountability Office) had compartmented security clearances, and an additional 591 staffers had secret or top-secret clearances.19
How clearances are obtained
To obtain a clearance, the member must send a letter requesting clearance for a particular staff person to the SAA. (If the request is for a committee staff person, the committee chair must send the letter.)20 The applicant must complete the clearance paperwork within 30 days and meet with the SAA. After the relevant executive branch agency grants the clearance, the SAA schedules an initial security briefing. The briefing must take place before staff may access classified material.
This process means that the SAA may be able to track how long it takes for staff to receive clearances. For transfers of clearances from outside agencies, another form must be submitted, but it is unclear how the SAA tracks this process. If an individual with a clearance is reassigned, their clearance is automatically deactivated until it is determined that their new assignment requires access to classified information.
Special clearances and approvals are granted on a need-to-know basis. The special clearances or approvals that can be granted include:
- SCI (Sensitive Compartmented Information): Applies to information about or derived from particularly sensitive intelligence methods, only given to full-time committee staff, leadership staff, and House office staff. Personal office staff may not obtain or hold an SCI clearance on the basis of their employment in a personal office.
- SAP (Special Access Programs): Specific class of classified information that imposes safeguarding and access requirements that exceed those normally required for information at the same classification level.
- DOE (Department of Energy): Granted in accordance with Department of Energy regulations (likely granted in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 195421). Staff must provide a written justification of the need for access—e.g., committee work or the existence of a nuclear facility in the member’s district.
- CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information): Governs how the executive branch handles information that is controlled but unclassified.22 (Note: Access to CUI requires approval but not a clearance.)
It is our understanding that the costs of clearances for congressional staff are paid for by the agency granting the clearance and not by Congress. There are additional costs for maintaining the SAA office that come out of the legislative branch appropriation.
Ideas to reform who may receive clearances have been discussed at some length in congressional proceedings and in the media.23
The Senate
Authority for and oversight of staff clearances
The Office of Senate Security (OSS), housed inside the Office of the Secretary of the Senate, was created in 1987, preceding its House equivalent by 17 years. The OSS was created by a Senate rule, S. Res. 243 (100th Congress),24 and the text of that resolution, including a description of its roles and purposes, is available in the Congressional Record.25 As of September 30, 2019, Mike DiSilvestro is the director and Ronny Howard is the deputy director of the OSS.26
What does the OSS do?
- It processes security clearances and renewals for officers and employees of the Senate.
- It maintains a centralized record of security clearances held by officers and employees of the Senate.
- It has an up-to-date Senate Security Manual.
Who can receive a clearance?
As of January 1990, the number of cleared staff are limited as follows.27
A senator is afforded:
- Two cleared employees on their personal staff.
- One additional executive branch fellow or detailee who holds a clearance.
- A system administrator with a secret clearance.
- An additional cleared employee to help with committee work if the senator sits on one of the following committees: Armed Services; Foreign Relations; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense; or Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs.
Further notes:
- In exceptional circumstances, the senator may request from the majority or minority leader a waiver of the staff clearance limitation for a fixed period and a specific purpose.
- No member of a retiring senator’s personal staff may be granted a clearance during the last year of a senator’s term of office.
For committees, there is no published list on how many staff may obtain a clearance, but clearances are tied to staff positions on the committees. (We do not know the number of such positions.)
There are no interim clearances. Also note that personal office staff are not eligible to receive access to SCI information or to Special Access Program (SAP) information on the basis of their employment in a personal office. Committee staff may receive SCI eligibility and access to SAPs as determined by the chair and ranking member of the committee in coordination with the Intelligence Community.
Consultants, fellows, contract personnel, and other non-Senate employees are allowed access to classified material, subject to the same security requirements as Senate staff.
Who has received a clearance?
As of 2019, the Senate has 637 staff with active security clearances, with 353 having secret or top-secret clearances and 284 having TS/SCI clearances as of April 2019. There are 37 senators with staff who are able to access SCI materials.
How clearances are obtained
To obtain a clearance, the member/committee chair/officer sends a letter to the OSS. The OSS provides an application to the named applicant, which is returned to the OSS and is then filed by the OSS with the appropriate agency. When a clearance is granted, the employing office is informed, and the OSS provides an initial security briefing for the staff member. The briefing must take place before staff may access classified material.
Other aspects of the OSS
Each member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (unlike its House counterpart) is afforded one staffer (a staff designee that they hire and fire) with TS/SCI clearance.28 In other words, members of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence have staff who are personally responsible to them with TS/SCI clearances, although technically they are committee staff.
Executive Branch Clearances
According to the most recent publicly available data29 from October 2017, the total number of people who hold U.S. security clearances is in excess of 4 million. Of those 4 million people, 2.8 million federal employees and contractors not only hold security clearances but are “in access” to classified information.30 Of those who hold clearances and are in access to classified information, 1.19 million people hold top-secret clearances. Prior reports suggest a roughly even split between federal employees and contractors. In addition, tens of thousands of foreign politicians, civilians, military members, and contractors have access to shared SCI information under the 1946 UKUSA agreement.31 There is reason to believe that hundreds of thousands of people hold TS/SCI clearances.
The director of national intelligence (DNI) conducts an annual report on security clearance determinations, required by the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010.32 While the Obama administration required the DNI to provide more comprehensive public data in 2015, the DNI has released less detail about clearances in 2016 and afterward.33 34
The Intelligence Authorization Act for FY 2010 required an annual report to Congress on the number of employees and contractors who hold security clearances, the levels at which they hold them, the breakdown by executive branch agency, and an accounting for how long it took to obtain determinations on whether the clearances were granted or denied.
The Intelligence Authorization Act for FY 2020, enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2020, undermined some public reporting under the FY 2010 law.35 It did not strike language concerning government-wide reporting on the number of employees and contractors who hold security clearances and the levels at which they are held. However, it ended public reporting of the agency-by-agency breakdown of the number of employees and contractors who held security clearances and the levels at which they are held as well as information concerning processing times and the results of adjudications. The reports will be made available to select congressional committees in an unclassified form.
There is no parallel accounting provision for Congress. Accordingly, there is no public report for how many staff hold clearances, at what levels, and how long they must wait to reach results on the clearances. It is also worth noting that, unlike in the executive branch, there are no interim clearances for congressional staff.36
-
Mandy Smithberger -
Daniel Schuman Daniel Schuman
Author
Oversight in your inbox
Sent Saturdays